FullRing

Canberra

2005-04-04T23:03:00.000-07:00

A small squatters' settlement of stockmen called Canberry, or Canbury (a derivation of an Aboriginal

Earphone

2005-04-04T16:40:00.000-07:00

Small loudspeaker held or worn close to the listener's ear or within the outer ear. Common forms include the hand-held telephone receiver; the headphone (q.v.), in which one or two earphones are held in place by a band worn over the head; and the plug earphone, which is inserted in the outer opening of the ear. The conversion of electrical to acoustical signals is effected by

Botany Bay

2005-04-04T15:32:00.000-07:00

The bay was the site in 1770 of Captain James Cook's first landing in Australia. He named it Stingray Harbour but later changed the name because

Peter

2005-04-02T22:48:00.000-08:00

Until Peter's tenure as metropolitan, the centre of the Russian Orthodox Church had for many years been in Kiev, the ancient capital of Rus, and then for a while in Vladimir. When Peter became metropolitan, he, like his predecessors,

Alexander

2005-04-02T14:59:00.000-08:00

Alexander was crowned co-emperor with his brother Leo VI in 879 after the death of their elder brother, Constantine, but he remained inactive in state affairs until after Leo's

Adams, Abigail

2005-04-02T08:30:00.000-08:00

Biographies include Edith B. Gelles, Portia: The World of Abigail Adams (1992, reissued 1995), focusing on the people whom she influenced and who influenced her; and Phyllis Lee Levin, Abigail Adams (1987). A concise version of the latter is Phyllis Lee Levin, “Abigail (Smith) Adams,” in Lewis L. Gould (ed.), American First Ladies (1996), pp. 16–44.

Theism, Hindu theism

2005-03-31T21:43:00.000-08:00

It was noted, for example, that the Vedic hymns that appear in the earliest Hindu scriptures contain significant intimations of a sense of “the wonder of existence,” “the outpourings,” as Savepalli Radhakrishnan, the former philosopher-president of India, has expressed it, “of poetic minds who were struck by the immensity of the universe and the inexhaustible mystery

Interior Design, Construction

2005-03-31T19:01:00.000-08:00

The actual building of the interior, be it a renovation or a new construction, needs considerable supervision by the designer, although constant on-site supervision is not always required. For an office or residence, a few visits may be sufficient. The thoroughness of working drawings and details influences the degree of supervision that is needed: the more complete

Itajaí

2005-03-31T00:40:00.000-08:00

City, eastern Santa Catarina estado (“state”), southern Brazil. It lies at the mouth of the Itajaí River, at 20 feet (6 m) above sea level. Founded in the mid-19th century by German and Italian colonists, Itajaí is now the commercial centre and Atlantic port for an agricultural region drained by the Itajaí River and its tributaries. Wrapping paper and cotton textiles are the principal

Great Escarpment

2005-03-30T20:26:00.000-08:00

Plateau edge of southern Africa that separates the region's highland interior plateau from the fairly narrow coastal strip. It lies predominantly within the Republic of South Africa and Lesotho but extends northeastward into eastern Zimbabwe (where it separates much of that country from Mozambique) and northwestward into Namibia and Angola (where it separates

Narameikhla

2005-03-30T08:20:00.000-08:00

When Arakan became the scene of a struggle between rival centres of power in the 15th century, Narameikhla, the son of King Rajathu (reigned 1397–1401), was forced in the first year

Adderley, Cannonball

2005-03-29T11:10:00.000-08:00

Byname of Julian Edwin Adderley one of the most prominent and popular American jazz musicians of the 1950s and '60s whose exuberant music was firmly in the bop school but which also employed the melodic sense of traditional jazz. A multi-instrumentalist, Adderley is best-known for his work on alto saxophone and for his recordings with Miles Davis and with

Boisrobert, François Le Métel, Seigneur De (lord Of)

2005-03-27T13:04:00.000-08:00

A Norman Huguenot lawyer's son, he became a Catholic in the 1620s and began to take holy orders. His wit and effrontery won him the favour of Cardinal de Richelieu, and he was given a canonry at Rouen

Ganesha

2005-03-27T07:32:00.000-08:00

Ganesha, considered the remover of obstacles, is the first god invoked at the beginning of worship or of a new enterprise, and he is often positioned near thresholds and gateways. He is a patron of letters and learning, and he is the

Botta, Carlo Giuseppe Guglielmo

2005-03-27T06:02:00.000-08:00

Having graduated in medicine at the University of Turin in 1786, Botta was in his youth inspired by the ideas of the French Revolution. Arrested as a spy for the French in 1794, he left Italy for France the following year and from 1796 to 1798 served as a physician

Siloé, Diego De

2005-03-26T04:28:00.000-08:00

The son of the sculptor Gil

Jordan, The Latin kingdom and Muslim domination

2005-03-25T19:13:00.000-08:00

The area was devastated in the 6th and 7th centuries by the intermittent warfare between Byzantium and Sasanian Persia. In 627 the emperor Heraclius finally defeated the Persians and reestablished order, but Byzantium, gravely weakened by the long struggle, was unable to face the unexpected menace of a new power that had arisen in Arabia. In 636 the Muslims, led by the famous

North Germanic Languages, Phonology

2005-03-25T03:07:00.000-08:00

Pitch is usually high on the stressed syllable, falling at the end of a statement,

Costbenefit Analysis

2005-03-24T20:52:00.000-08:00

In governmental planning and budgeting, the attempt to measure the social benefits of a proposed project in monetary terms and compare them with its costs. The procedure, which is equivalent to the business practice of cost-budgeting analysis, was first proposed in 1844 by the French engineer A.-J.-E.-J. Dupuit. It was not seriously applied until the 1936 U.S. Flood Control Act, which

Alaska Purchase

2005-03-23T22:49:00.000-08:00

William Henry Seward, secretary of state under President Andrew Johnson, had as early as 1860 dreamed of acquiring Alaska. The territory was considered an economic liability by the Russians, and in December 1866 Baron Eduard de Stoeckl, Russian

Huntington

2005-03-23T22:45:00.000-08:00

City, seat (1834) of Huntington county, central Indiana, U.S., on the Little Wabash River near its juncture with the Wabash, 24 miles (39 km) southwest of Fort Wayne. The original site (Forks of the Wabash) was an Indian campground (home of the Miami chief La Fontaine), where many Indian treaties were signed; it was known as Wepecheange (“Place of Flints”). The settlement that developed there

Zoffany, John

2005-03-23T15:37:00.000-08:00

Zoffany, after studying in Germany and Italy,

Choral Music, Anthems

2005-03-22T13:33:00.000-08:00

The use of the vernacular after the Reformation in England made it necessary for composers to forge a new style of choral music. The elaborate melodic tracery of Robert Fayrfax and John Taverner gave way to a completely unelaborate kind of choral counterpoint designed to allow the English words to be clearly heard. Both Thomas Tallis and William Byrd made outstanding

Englische Komödianten

2005-03-22T03:26:00.000-08:00

One of the earliest English troupes to visit Europe

Man O' War

2005-03-21T21:07:00.000-08:00

Byname Big Red (foaled 1917), probably the most famous American racehorse (Thoroughbred), overwhelmingly voted, in an Associated Press poll taken in 1950, the greatest horse of the first half of the 20th century. In a brief career of only two seasons (1919–20), he won 20 of 21 races, finishing second to a horse named Upset on Aug. 13, 1919, at Saratoga, N.Y. He established five track records for speed over various distances and

Cabot Strait

2005-03-21T05:06:00.000-08:00

Channel (60 miles [97 km] wide) between southwestern Newfoundland and northern Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia, eastern Canada. An important international shipping lane, it connects the Gulf of St. Lawrence with the Atlantic Ocean. The strait was named for John Cabot, the Italian navigator who, sponsored by the English king Henry VII, explored the area in the late 15th

Allantois

2005-03-20T11:04:00.000-08:00

An extra-embryonic membrane of reptiles, birds, and mammals arising as a pouch, or sac, from the hindgut. In reptiles and birds it expands greatly between two other membranes, the amnion and chorion, to serve as a temporary respiratory organ while its cavity stores fetal excretions. In mammals other than marsupials the allantois is intimately associated with the chorion,

Abahai

2005-03-20T10:38:00.000-08:00

Abahai was the eighth son of Nurhachi (1559–1626), the great Manchu leader who extended his people's rule over the tribes of the Inner Asian steppes and organized his tribesmen into a bureaucratic

Biblical Literature, The Apocalypse of Baruch

2005-03-19T13:37:00.000-08:00

The Apocalypse of Baruch was written about the same time as II (IV) Esdras, and the less profound Apocalypse probably depends much upon II Esdras. The Apocalypse of Baruch survives only in a Syriac version translated from Greek; originally the book was composed in Hebrew or Aramaic and is ascribed to Baruch, the disciple of Jeremiah and a contemporary of the destruction

Marquand, J(ohn) P(hillips)

2005-03-19T11:44:00.000-08:00

Marquand grew up in New York City and suburban Rye in comfortable circumstances until his father's business failure, when he was sent to live with relatives in Newburyport. This experience of reduced status and

Property Law, Nuisance law and continental parallels

2005-03-18T19:02:00.000-08:00

At English common law the basic limitations on the privilege of use of property were incorporated in the law of nuisance, the action that a landowner could bring if his privilege of using his land was being interfered with. Historically, nuisance law seems to have been deeply conservative; existing land uses were protected against more recent ones. A hierarchy of

Handke, Peter

2005-03-18T06:03:00.000-08:00

Handke, the son of a bank clerk, studied law at Graz University from 1961 to 1965 and contributed pieces to the avant-garde literary magazine manuskripte. He came to public notice as an anticonventional playwright

Wagner, Cosima

2005-03-17T20:31:00.000-08:00

Cosima was the illegitimate daughter of the composer-pianist Franz Liszt and the countess Marie d'Agoult, who also bore Liszt two other children. Liszt later legitimatized their births; he also provided

Percussion

2005-03-17T06:32:00.000-08:00

In medicine, diagnostic procedure that entails striking the body directly or indirectly with short, sharp taps of a finger or, rarely, a hammer. The procedure was first described in 1761 by the Austrian physician Leopold Auenbrugger von Auenbrugg. Although generally ignored by his contemporaries, it is now routinely employed. The sounds produced by the procedure are

Subsidy

2005-03-16T18:10:00.000-08:00

A direct or indirect payment, economic concession, or privilege granted by a government to private firms, households, or other governmental units in order to promote a public objective. Identification of a subsidy is often complicated because of the variety of subsidy instruments, the multiplicity of the objectives they are designed to serve, and the complexity

Wind Instrument, Trumpet-type aerophones

2005-03-15T22:22:00.000-08:00

As regards sound generation, trumpets and horns differ from other aerophones in their use of the so-called “lip reed,” which is formed when the player's partially closed lips vibrate as they press against the rim of a mouthpiece or mouth hole (although the behaviour of the lips, strictly speaking, is not exactly comparable to the operation of a reed). When the lips vibrate,

Córdoba

2005-03-15T16:40:00.000-08:00

Córdoba was probably Carthaginian in origin and was occupied by the Romans in 152 BC. The city flourished under

Lancaster

2005-03-15T13:43:00.000-08:00

Lancaster grew on the site of a Roman station, and traces of the Roman fortification walls remain. In the 11th century a feudal landowner, Roger of Poitou, founded or enlarged a castle on an eminence there and also

Milyukov, Pavel Nikolayevich

2005-03-14T06:53:00.000-08:00

As a contributor to a clandestinely circulated journal, Osvobozhdeniye (“Liberation”), founded in 1902, Milyukov did much to swing the moderate members of the zemstvos (local government bodies) to the left. During the revolutionary year 1905, he was active in forming the Union of Unions, a broad alliance of professional associations, and subsequently the Constitutional Democratic,

Ha

2005-03-13T22:00:00.000-08:00

Also called Abaha, or Waha, a Bantu-speaking people belonging to the Interlacustrine Bantu ethnolinguistic family who live in western Tanzania bordering on Lake Tanganyika. Their country, which they call Buha, comprises grasslands and open woodlands. Agriculture is their primary economic activity. Sorghum, millet, corn (maize), cassava, yams, peanuts (groundnuts), and other crops were cultivated

Ealing

2005-03-13T20:17:00.000-08:00

Outer borough of London, part of the historic county of Middlesex, midway between central London and the western periphery. The borough was established in 1965 by the amalgamation of the former municipal boroughs of Ealing, Acton, and Southall, all in the former county of Middlesex. It includes the districts and neighbourhoods of (from west to east) West End, Northolt, Southall,

Wind Instrument, Trumpet-type aerophones

2005-03-13T18:46:00.000-08:00

In biology, a highly convoluted membrane within the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell that is important in the biosynthesis of proteins and lipids. The ER usually constitutes more than half of the membrane of the cell and is continuous with the outer membrane of the nuclear envelope. Endoplasmic reticulum has two distinct regions: the rough ER (RER; so-called because

Oberth, Hermann (julius)

2005-03-12T19:47:00.000-08:00

The son of a prosperous physician, Oberth studied medicine in Munich, but his education was interrupted by service in the Austro-Hungarian army during World War I. After being wounded in the war, he found time to pursue

Bürger, Gottfried August

2005-03-12T01:50:00.000-08:00

Bürger was educated in theology at the University of Halle and in law at the University of Göttingen. It was in Göttingen that he first

Far Eastern Economic Review

2005-03-11T03:24:00.000-08:00

Former weekly news magazine covering general, political, and business and financial news of East and Southeast Asia. It was published in Hong Kong, where it was established in 1946. The magazine carried feature articles on the major developments in the region and on outside developments that affected it. The Far Eastern Economic Review was noted for its objectivity

Bond, Sir Robert

2005-03-10T16:26:00.000-08:00

Bond was elected to the Newfoundland House of Assembly in 1882. He became speaker in 1884 and colonial secretary in 1889 in the Liberal ministry. His attempts to settle the fishing rights allowed to France and the United States were overruled by

Imagist

2005-03-09T18:44:00.000-08:00

The Imagists wrote succinct verse of dry clarity

Leafbird

2005-03-09T09:26:00.000-08:00

Leafbirds are about 17 to 20 cm (6.5 to 8 inches) long. They live high up in the jungle canopy, feeding mainly on nectar, plus some insects and berries.

La Roche, Sophie Von

2005-03-08T21:35:00.000-08:00

German writer whose first and most important work, Geschichte des Fräuleins von Sternheim (1771; History of Lady Sophia Sternheim), was the first German novel written by a woman and is considered to be among the best works from the period in which English novels, particularly those of Samuel Richardson,

Pre-columbian Civilizations, Internal division and external expansion

2005-03-08T15:43:00.000-08:00

For some time there had been palace intrigue in Cuzco over who would succeed Viracocha Inca to the throne. The Emperor chose Inca Urcon ('Inka 'Urqon) as his successor, but the two generals Vicaquirao and Apo Mayta preferred another son, Cusi Inca Yupanqui (Kusi 'Inka Yupanki). As the Chanca approached Cuzco, Viracocha Inca and Inca Urcon withdrew to a fort near Calca, while

Breckinridge, Mary

2005-03-07T20:18:00.000-08:00

Breckinridge grew up in Washington, D.C., where her father was an Arkansas congressman, and in St. Petersburg, Russia, where he served as U.S. minister to Russia. Educated

Scale Insect

2005-03-07T15:42:00.000-08:00

Any member of several families of the insect order Homoptera. The females are wingless, with reduced legs and antennae; the males have one pair of delicate wings, well-developed legs and antennae, and no mouthparts. The body is covered by a protective waxy shell, often resembling scales or cottony cushions, that gives these insects their common name. The eggs are always

Number Game, Fibonacci numbers

2005-03-06T22:24:00.000-08:00

In 1202 the mathematician Leonardo of Pisa, also called Fibonacci, published an influential treatise, Liber abaci. It contained the following recreational problem: “How many pairs of rabbits can be produced from a single pair in one year if it is assumed that every month each pair begets a new pair which from the second month becomes productive?” Straightforward calculation

United Nations

2005-03-06T09:04:00.000-08:00

Kofi Annan of Ghana(see BIOGRAPHIES) took office on Jan. 1, 1997, as the new secretary-general of the United Nations, and change was in the air throughout the year. Annan's reforms were controversial, but the General Assembly approved most of them. In other major developments, the UN's authority was seriously challenged by Iraq and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (Congo

Theatre, Western, Off-Broadway

2005-03-05T11:59:00.000-08:00

This phenomenon developed as a reaction to the commercialism of New York theatre. More experimental plays could be presented in smaller buildings outside the main theatre district. The artistic success of many of these productions meant that some writers (Edward Albee, for example), could graduate to Broadway. Off-Broadway also enabled black playwrights such

Steichen, Edward

2005-03-05T11:44:00.000-08:00

Pioneer of American photography who, with Alfred Stieglitz, was a leader of the Photo-Secession Group. His style evolved from painterly impressionism to a sharp realism after World War I. His portraits of artists and celebrities from the 1920s and '30s are remarkable evocations of character. In 1955 he organized the “Family of Man” exhibition

'abduh, Muhammad

2005-03-04T21:17:00.000-08:00

Religious scholar, jurist, and liberal reformer, who led the late 19th-century movement in Egypt and other Muslim countries to revitalize Islamic teachings and institutions in the modern world. As mufti (Islamic legal counsellor) for Egypt (from 1899), he effected reforms in Islamic law, administration, and higher education and, although

Ke Ga, Point

2005-03-04T02:51:00.000-08:00

Vietnamese Mui Ke Ga , also called Mui Dieu , formerly Cap Varella , or Cape Varella the easternmost point of Vietnam, lying along the South China Sea. The promontory, rising to 2,316 feet (706 m) above the sea, lies southeast of Tuy Hoa and is a continuation of a massive southwest-northeast–trending granite spur of the Annamese Cordillera. Ke Ga is also the name of another cape in Vietnam on the South China Sea about 180 miles (290 km) to the south-southwest.

All-union Council Of Evangelical Christians And Baptists

2005-03-03T03:07:00.000-08:00

Voluntary association of Baptist churches in Russia that was formed (in the Soviet Union) in 1944 by uniting the Union of Evangelical Christians and the Russian Baptist Union. The Baptists in Russia grew from religious revival movements that began in the 1860s and '70s. In Ukraine, groups of Russians influenced by German Mennonite settlers gathered for Bible study and eventually

Oscillograph

2005-03-02T15:38:00.000-08:00

Instrument for indicating and recording time-varying electrical quantities, such as current and voltage. The two basic forms of the instrument in common use are the electromagnetic oscillograph and the cathode-ray oscillograph; the latter is also known as a cathode-ray oscilloscope (q.v.), which, strictly speaking, is purely an indicating instrument, while the oscillograph

Petróleos De Venezuela, Sa

2005-03-02T14:33:00.000-08:00

By 1971 Venezuela had begun to take steps to curb the influence of the foreign concessionaires who, since their arrival after World War I, had been exploiting the nation's oil

Yamethin

2005-03-02T01:56:00.000-08:00

Town, central-northern Myanmar (Burma), occupying a high point on the central plain. For centuries it was an important junction on the caravan trade route between the Shan region to the east and Myingyan, 90 miles (145 km) northwest, on the Irrawaddy River. Modern Yamethin, a municipality since 1888, has railway workshops and is irrigated by the Kyeni Tank (reservoir), built in the 11th

Huxley, T.h.

2005-03-01T18:30:00.000-08:00

In full Thomas Henry Huxley English biologist, educator, and advocate of agnosticism (he coined the word). Huxley's vigorous public support of Charles Darwin's evolutionary naturalism earned him the nickname “Darwin's bulldog,” while his organizational efforts, public lectures, and writing helped elevate the place of science in modern

Action Painting

2005-02-28T21:02:00.000-08:00

Direct, instinctual, and highly dynamic kind of art that involves the spontaneous application of vigorous, sweeping brushstrokes and the chance effects of dripping and spilling paint onto the canvas. The term was coined by the American art critic Harold Rosenberg to characterize the work of a group of American Abstract Expressionists (see Abstract

Cartier, Jacques

2005-02-27T20:24:00.000-08:00

When King Francis I of France decided in 1534 to send an expedition to explore the northern lands in the hope of discovering gold, spices, and a passage

Bonaventure Island

2005-02-27T15:56:00.000-08:00

French Île Bonaventure, island in Gaspésie–Îles-de-la-Madeleine region, eastern Quebec province, Canada. The island lies in the Gulf of St. Lawrence off Percé at the end of the Gaspé Peninsula. Although only 2.5 miles (4 km) long, its rocky cliffs provide sanctuary for thousands of nesting gannets from April to November, in addition to auks, gulls, kittiwakes, and guillemots. It was originally named Bonne

Dowlaiswaram

2005-02-27T05:48:00.000-08:00

Town, East Godavari district, northeastern Andhra Pradesh state, southern India, on the Godavari River Delta. Dowlaiswaram is located at the source of the great delta, and a dam 2 mi (3.2 km) long crosses the river at this point, supplying canals that irrigate 1,000,000 ac (400,000 ha). Rice fields, gardens, and villages are scattered over the deltaic region that surrounds the mainly agricultural

Novial

2005-02-26T04:38:00.000-08:00

Artificial language constructed in 1928 by the Danish philologist Otto Jespersen, intended for use as an international auxiliary language, but little used today. Its grammar is similar in type to that of Esperanto or Ido. Novial has one definite article, no gender for nouns except those denoting persons, noun plurals in -s, forms for a possessive (genitive) and an objective

Mauguin, Charles

2005-02-26T02:47:00.000-08:00

Mauguin was educated at the École Normale Supérieure in Paris, and in 1919 he joined the Faculty of Sciences

Nader, Ralph

2005-02-25T10:03:00.000-08:00

Nader ran for president of the United States in 1996 but collected less than 1 percent of the vote. In 2000 he was nominated by the Green Party as its U.S. presidential candidate. His campaign focused on universal health care, environmental and consumer protections, campaign finance reform, and strengthened labour rights. Realizing that he had little hope of winning the election, Nader concentrated on obtaining 5 percent of the national vote, the minimum necessary to secure federal matching funds for the Green Party for future presidential campaigns. Nader eventually fell well short of this goal, receiving only 2.7 percent of the national vote, but he may have aided Republican candidate George W. Bush—who narrowly won the presidency over Democrat Al Gore—by attracting votes that otherwise might have gone to Gore, especially in the key state of Florida. In 2004, despite pleas by many Democrats that he not run, Nader campaigned for the presidency as an independent.

Eisenstadt

2005-02-25T00:28:00.000-08:00

City, capital (since 1925) of Burgenland Bundesland (federal state), eastern Austria. It lies at the southern end of the Leitha Mountains, south of Vienna. Mentioned in 1264, it was a free city of Hungary from 1648 until Burgenland was ceded to Austria in 1920. Eisenstadt's notable landmarks include the former castle of the Esterházy princes (14th century; rebuilt 1663–72); the Mount Calvary Church (Kalvarienbergkirche),

Apprenticeship

2005-02-23T21:37:00.000-08:00

Training in an art, trade, or craft under a legal agreement that defines the duration and conditions of the relationship between master and apprentice.

Ear, Human, Ascending pathways

2005-02-23T17:23:00.000-08:00

The central auditory pathways extend from the medulla to the cerebral cortex. They consist of a series of nuclei (groups of nerve cell bodies in the central nervous system similar to a peripheral ganglion) connected by fibre tracts made up of their axons (processes that convey signals away from the cell bodies). This complex chain of nerve cells helps to process and

Biblical Literature, Prophetic themes and actions

2005-02-23T16:30:00.000-08:00

The first section of the book (chapters 1–24) contains prophecies against Judah and Jerusalem. Ezekiel's call is recorded in chapter 1 to chapter 3, verse 15. It came in a vision of four heavenly cherubim, who appeared in a wind from the north, a cloud, and flashing fire (lightning?)—traditional symbolic elements of a theophany (manifestation of a god) in ancient Near Eastern religions.

Disasters

2005-02-23T04:54:00.000-08:00

February 3, Near

Kazembe

2005-02-22T05:22:00.000-08:00

Also spelled Cazembe, the largest and most highly organized of the Lunda kingdoms (see Luba-Lunda states) in central Africa, and the title of all its rulers. At the height of its power (c. 1800), Kazembe occupied almost all of the territory now included in the Katanga region of Congo (Kinshasa) and in northern Zambia. Apparently created about 1740 by an exploring party from western Lunda, the kingdom rapidly

Antarctica, Economic resources

2005-02-21T18:19:00.000-08:00

J.F. Lovering and J.R.V. Prescott, Last of Lands: Antarctica (1979), examines resources, discovery and exploration, political geography, and future prospects. Barbara Mitchell, Frozen Stakes: The Future of Antarctic Minerals (1983), presents an account of polar politics and minerals and discusses possible regimes for regulating resource development. Francisco Orrego Vicuña (ed.), Antarctic Resources Policy: Scientific, Legal, and Political Issues (1983), contains reports from the first symposium of its kind, a meeting of scientists, diplomats, and international lawyers at an Antarctic scientific station. More recent works are Deborah Shapley, The Seventh Continent: Antarctica in a Resource Age (1985); and John F. Splettstoesser and Gisela A.m. Dreschoff (eds.), Mineral Resources Potential of Antarctica (1990).

Sea Spider

2005-02-21T09:24:00.000-08:00

Most pycnogonids have four pairs of long legs attached to four trunk segments. The body size ranges from 3 millimetres ( 1/8 inch) in

Abbott, Sir John

2005-02-21T09:02:00.000-08:00

Educated at McGill University, Montreal, Abbott became a lawyer in 1847 and was made queen's counsel in 1862. He served as dean of the McGill faculty of law from 1855 to 1880. He was elected to the Legislative Assembly of the then-united province of Canada in 1857 and

Hale, Nathan

2005-02-20T21:22:00.000-08:00

A graduate of Yale University (1773) and a schoolteacher, Hale joined a Connecticut regiment in 1775, served in the siege of Boston, and was commissioned a captain (1776). He went to New York with William Heath's brigade and is said to have participated in

Wolf, Friedrich August

2005-02-20T18:48:00.000-08:00

Extremely precocious, Wolf learned Greek, Latin, and French as a child. He was largely self-taught when in 1777 he

English Literature, Prose

2005-02-20T05:58:00.000-08:00

The earliest English prose work, the law code of King Aethelberht I of Kent, was written within a few years of St. Augustine of Canterbury's arrival in England (597). Other 7th- and 8th-century prose, similarly practical in character, includes more laws, wills, and charters. According to Cuthbert, who was a monk at Jarrow, Bede had just finished a translation of the Gospel of St. John

Technology

2005-02-19T19:24:00.000-08:00

The subject of technology is treated in a number of articles. For general treatment, see technology, history of; hand tool. For description of the materials that are both the object and means of manipulating

Anheuser-busch Companies, Inc.

2005-02-18T16:25:00.000-08:00

The company had its origins in a small brewery opened in St. Louis by George Schneider in 1852. This faltering enterprise was bought by the soap manufacturer Eberhard Anheuser in 1860, and the following year Anheuser's daughter married Adolphus Busch (q.v.), a brewery

Pyrex

2005-02-17T21:12:00.000-08:00

(trademark), a type of glass and glassware that is resistant to heat, chemicals, and electricity. It is used to make chemical apparatus, industrial equipment, including piping and thermometers, and ovenware. Chemically, Pyrex contains borosilicate and expands only about one-third as much as common glass (silicate) when heated. As a result, it is less apt to break when subjected

Guadalajara

2005-02-17T02:57:00.000-08:00

City, capital of Guadalajara province, in the autonomous community (region) of Castile-La Mancha, central Spain, northeast of Madrid, situated on the Río Henares. The city, the ancient Arriaca, is Iberian in origin and was for a time held by the Romans, but its name is derived from Arabic (Wadi al-Hijarah, River of Stones). Taken by Christian forces in 1085, the city from the 15th to the 17th century

Gwynn, Tony

2005-02-16T16:58:00.000-08:00

U.S. athlete Tony Gwynn declared 1997 his best year in major league baseball. Few would argue with him. The San Diego Padres right fielder won his 8th batting crown, tying Honus Wagner for the National League record (Ty Cobb held the major league mark with 12), and recorded his 5th consecutive season batting .350 or better with an average of .372; his career average (.340) placed him 14th on the all-time

Tzetzes, John

2005-02-16T15:42:00.000-08:00

Tzetzes was for a time secretary to a provincial governor, then earned a meagre living by teaching and writing. He has been described as the perfect specimen of the Byzantine pedant.

Soil Organism

2005-02-16T07:51:00.000-08:00

Any organism inhabiting the soil during part or all of its life. Soil organisms, which range in size from microscopic cells that digest decaying organic material to small mammals that live primarily on other soil organisms, play an important role in maintaining fertility, structure, drainage, and aeration of soil. They also break down plant and animal tissues, releasing

Cloak And Sword Drama

2005-02-15T15:00:00.000-08:00

Also called cloak and dagger theatre , Spanish comedia de capa y espada 17th-century Spanish plays of upper middle class manners and intrigue. The name derives from the cloak and sword that were part of the typical street dress of students, soldiers, and cavaliers, the favourite heroes. The type was anticipated by the plays of Bartolomé de Torres Naharro, but its popularity was established by the inventive dramas of Lope de Vega and Tirso

Lenox, James

2005-02-14T08:06:00.000-08:00

Lenox' father was a wealthy Scottish merchant from whom Lenox inherited several million dollars as well as valuable properties in New York City. A graduate of Columbia College (1818) and a member of the bar, Lenox devoted the bulk of his life to collecting rare books, manuscripts, and

Fustat Ware

2005-02-13T18:58:00.000-08:00

In Islamic ceramics, style of pottery originating from al-Fustat (now part of Cairo), where, however, many deposits of imported ware have also been found. Its characteristic qualities are poorish white glaze and excellent lustre pigment varying from lemon to intense copper in colour. Some important pieces are incised and covered with transparent glaze.

Schawlow, Arthur L.

2005-02-13T17:43:00.000-08:00

As a child, Schawlow moved with his family to Canada. He attended the University of Toronto, receiving his

Fiscal Policy

2005-02-13T04:19:00.000-08:00

The usual goals of both fiscal and monetary policy are to achieve or maintain full employment, to achieve or

Cartimandua

2005-02-11T21:17:00.000-08:00

After concluding a treaty with the emperor Claudius early in his conquest of Britain, which began in AD 43, Cartimandua was faced with a series of revolts by anti-Roman elements among her subjects. In 48, Roman forces intervened for the first

Pacher, Michael

2005-02-11T17:14:00.000-08:00

Little is known of Pacher's early life, but he is thought to have gone to Italy, where he was much impressed by the experiments in perspective of two eminent northern Italian

Minamoto Yoriyoshi

2005-02-11T15:48:00.000-08:00

After aiding the central government in quelling several uprisings by Ainu tribesmen, Yoriyoshi was sent to crush a rebellion led by Abe Yoritoki of the powerful Abe warrior clan of northern Japan (1051). The fighting was characterized by repeated pauses, defeats

France, Flag Of

2005-02-10T19:28:00.000-08:00

Under the ancien régime, France had a great number of flags, and many of its military and naval flags were elaborate and subject to artistic variations. The royal coat of arms, a blue shield with three golden fleurs-de-lis, was the basis for the state flag. After the Bourbons came to power, this shield was generally displayed against a background of the Bourbon dynastic

Haberler, Gottfried Von

2005-02-10T10:16:00.000-08:00

Austrian-born U.S. economist and educator (b. July 20, 1900, Purkersdorf, Austria--d. May 6, 1995, Washington, D.C.), was an expert on international trade and a staunch advocate of free-market principles. Haberler was educated (B.A., 1923; Ph.D., 1925) at the University of Vienna, where he adopted an "Austrian" school of thought that was identified with a generation of top economists who attended that university.

Beach, Alfred Ely

2005-02-10T05:39:00.000-08:00

While Beach was attending

FullRing

Canberra

Earphone

Botany Bay

Peter

Alexander

Adams, Abigail

Theism, Hindu theism

Interior Design, Construction

Itajaí

Great Escarpment

Narameikhla

Adderley, Cannonball

Boisrobert, François Le Métel, Seigneur De (lord Of)

Ganesha

Botta, Carlo Giuseppe Guglielmo

Siloé, Diego De

Jordan, The Latin kingdom and Muslim domination

North Germanic Languages, Phonology

Costbenefit Analysis

Alaska Purchase

Huntington

Zoffany, John

Choral Music, Anthems

Englische Komödianten

Man O' War

Cabot Strait

Allantois

Abahai

Biblical Literature, The Apocalypse of Baruch

Marquand, J(ohn) P(hillips)

Property Law, Nuisance law and continental parallels

Handke, Peter

Wagner, Cosima

Percussion

Subsidy

Wind Instrument, Trumpet-type aerophones

Córdoba

Lancaster

Milyukov, Pavel Nikolayevich

Ha

Ealing

Wind Instrument, Trumpet-type aerophones

Oberth, Hermann (julius)

Bürger, Gottfried August

Far Eastern Economic Review

Bond, Sir Robert

Imagist

Leafbird

La Roche, Sophie Von

Pre-columbian Civilizations, Internal division and external expansion

Breckinridge, Mary

Scale Insect

Number Game, Fibonacci numbers

United Nations

Theatre, Western, Off-Broadway

Steichen, Edward

'abduh, Muhammad

Ke Ga, Point

All-union Council Of Evangelical Christians And Baptists

Oscillograph

Petróleos De Venezuela, Sa

Yamethin

Huxley, T.h.

Action Painting

Cartier, Jacques

Bonaventure Island

Dowlaiswaram

Novial

Mauguin, Charles

Nader, Ralph

Eisenstadt

Apprenticeship

Ear, Human, Ascending pathways

Biblical Literature, Prophetic themes and actions

Disasters

Kazembe

Antarctica, Economic resources

Sea Spider

Abbott, Sir John

Costbenefit Analysis